I realize there is a character limit, but it is the compile and link rather than load part of the installation that is likely to be useful. For me I have

$ bioc-3.8 CMD INSTALL edgeR_3.24.0.tar.gz
* installing to library ‘/Users/ma38727/Library/R/3.5/Bioc/3.8’
* installing *source* package ‘edgeR’ ...
** libs
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/Users/ma38727/bin/R-3-5-branch/include" -DNDEBUG  -I"/Users/ma38727/Library/R/3.5/Bioc/3.8/Rcpp/include" -I/usr/local/include   -fPIC  -g -O0 -c R_add_prior_count.cpp -o R_add_prior_count.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/Users/ma38727/bin/R-3-5-branch/include" -DNDEBUG  -I"/Users/ma38727/Library/R/3.5/Bioc/3.8/Rcpp/include" -I/usr/local/include   -fPIC  -g -O0 -c R_ave_log_cpm.cpp -o R_ave_log_cpm.o
...
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/Users/ma38727/bin/R-3-5-branch/include" -DNDEBUG  -I"/Users/ma38727/Library/R/3.5/Bioc/3.8/Rcpp/include" -I/usr/local/include   -fPIC  -g -O0 -c objects.cpp -o objects.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -dynamiclib -Wl,-headerpad_max_install_names -undefined dynamic_lookup -single_module -multiply_defined suppress -L/usr/local/lib -o edgeR.so R_add_prior_count.o R_ave_log_cpm.o R_calculate_cpm.o R_check_poisson_bound.o R_compute_apl.o R_compute_nbdev.o R_exact_test_by_deviance.o R_fit_levenberg.o R_fit_one_group.o R_get_one_way_fitted.o R_initialize_levenberg.o R_loess_by_col.o R_maximize_interpolant.o R_process_hairpin_reads.o R_simple_good_turing.o add_prior.o adj_coxreid.o fmm_spline.o glm_levenberg.o glm_one_group.o init.o interpolator.o nbdev.o objects.o -L/Users/ma38727/bin/R-3-5-branch/lib -lRlapack -L/Users/ma38727/bin/R-3-5-branch/lib -lRblas -L/usr/local/gfortran/lib/gcc/x86_64-apple-darwin16/6.3.0 -L/usr/local/gfortran/lib -lgfortran -lquadmath -lm -Wl,-framework -Wl,CoreFoundation
ld: warning: text-based stub file /System/Library/Frameworks//CoreFoundation.framework/CoreFoundation.tbd and library file /System/Library/Frameworks//CoreFoundation.framework/CoreFoundation are out of sync. Falling back to library file for linking.
installing to /Users/ma38727/Library/R/3.5/Bioc/3.8/edgeR/libs
** R
** inst
** byte-compile and prepare package for lazy loading
** help
*** installing help indices
** building package indices
** installing vignettes
** testing if installed package can be loaded
* DONE (edgeR)

It seems like your C++ standard library is... out of date? Perhaps missing altogether? Your linker is not able to find the std::runtime_error constructor, and that's been in the C++ standard since 2003 (at least). This probably represents an issue with your build environment - I would guess that there's some ABI incompatibilities between the system's C++ library and whatever GCC you're using. Probably worth talking to your sysadmin about this.